Why did the League of Nations fail to keep peace free essay sample

Why did the League of Nations fail to keep international peace in the 1930s? Joel Surdhar The League of Nations was created to avoid international conflicts and maintain peace throughout the world, however the league of nations was not quite as successful as it intended. One of the main reasons why the League of nations was considered to be a failure was the Manchurian Crisis. The Manchurian Crisis was the invasion of a country in southern China, Manchuria, which was invaded by the Japanese. The Japanese were economically depressed due to the great depression ecause no one was rich enough to purchase their silk which was their main export. They felt the only way to recover their economy was territorial conquest. The Japanese were interested in Manchuria because China was particularly weak at the time due to civil conflicts. Manchuria was also close to Japan and was rich in coal and iron which were the key recourses which Japan lacked therefore it was an ideal target for Japan to invade. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the League of Nations fail to keep peace? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In September 1931 the Japanese launched an invasion on the South Manchurian railway at Mukden and occupied the local area. China sent an ppeal to the League of Nations and the Japanese promised a withdrawal, however they stood their ground as they realised that the League of Nations had little power. It was a key moment in which the League of Nations was needed when the Chinese appeal but they remained powerless to the situation. The League of Nations had little military empowerment over Japan, as it was extremely hard to transfer their army across the world. Another problem which the Europeans faced was that they could not deny trade with Japanese because they knew the Americans would trade with the Japanese instead because US did not Join the League of Nations. The greater powers of Europe, France and Britain were afraid of attacking making an aggressive approach toward Japan because it way threaten their Far Eastern Colonies such as Singapore or Hong Kong. In response, the League of Nations sent Lord Lytton to take a report and analysis of the situation. 18 months later Lord Lytton returned and confirmed that the Japanese invasion was not Justified. In 1933 in the League Assembly a vote was hold gainst Japans actions and the result was 42 to 1 against Japan and Japan simply left the League. The League of Nations were too late and the Japanese had already secured Manchuria. Therefore the League of Nation had failed to resolve this particular conflict due to a lack of power and perhaps could have supressed Japans economy if the US was part of the League of Nations and then Japan would have no one to trade with and would be forced to withdraw the invasion. Another Key problem that the League of Nations faced was the conflict of Abyssinia. Abyssinia was a poor country in North-East Africa and it was one of the few areas of Africa not under European control. The itallians tried to conquer Abyssinia in 1896 but failed in the battle of Adowa. Mussolini, the itallian dictator was keen for revenge and plotted to take Abyssinias mineral resources and fertile land. This was against the friendship treaty of Italy and abyssinia signed in 1928. The League of Nations was anxious to avoid a clusn b e tween taly and abyssinia because France and Brittan elieved Mussolini was the strongest ally they had against the threat of Hitler, however Mussolini hoped the League of Nations would let him do what he wanted in Abyssinia. Italy later attacked Abyssinia in October 1935 and it was a clear win for Italy as they had much more advanced weapons than the poor country of Abyssinia. The League of Nations had to respond to this attack, as it was unprovoked invasion. The League of Nations banned the sale of arms and goods to Italy, however they did not ban oil exports as they were again fearful that the US would sell to Italy instead. France and Brittan owned the seuz canal which was a very important route from Italy to Abyssinia, but the canal was not closed because France and Brittan did not want to provoke a full scale war with Italy. Instead the British and French governments created a secret deal. This was called the Hoare-Laval Pact, the deal was that Italy would get 2/3 of Abyssinia if they stopped the war. Mussolini said he would accept this deal, however the deal was leaked to the French press which caused public uproars and protests, forcing Hoare and Laval to resign. The Italy was very offended nd left the League and became an ally of hitler, making the conflict of abyssinia very unsuccessfully handled by the League of Nations. In conclusion the League of Nations failed to keep peace because of not having enough authority and global power such as in Eastern Europe. The League of Nations could have possibly been more successful had the US Joined, which would give the League more power, authority and global presence. The League of Nations had also been severely damaged by the Hoare-Laval pact and lacked respect and authority from countries.

The Role Of Greed In The Crucible Essays - Salem Witch Trials

The Role Of Greed In The Crucible Essays - Salem Witch Trials The Role Of Greed In The Crucible Greed can be a very destructive part of everyones life. It can control our every action at times. Some people let their greed get out of control, which was exactlywhat happened in Salem during the witch trials. Three peoples greed brought up this whole tragedy of the trials, convictions and hangings. These three people are Reverend Parris, Thomas Putnam and Abigail Williams. Thomas Putnam was a well-to-do, hard-handed, landowner. He valued his land probably more than his marriage, his other possessions or his anything else that he had. He used his land as a power source to get anything that he wanted. He also used this power to get his neighbors accused and/or convicted of being witches. Once these people were convicted, he would be able to purchase the deceaseds land, just giving him more land and power. This man alone got others to start believing that some people among them were witches. He also used his daughter as a witness to some of his neighbors crimes. Thomas Putnam used the witch trials as an excuse to get even with his neighbors and get their land. He allowed his greed to rule his mind and other decisions during this tragic time in the history of Salem. Another person who was affected by greed during this time was Reverend Parris. He felt that he was underpaid for his services. At one time he said to Giles Corey, I regard that six pound as part of my salary...You will look far for a man of my kind at sixty pound a year! Also, Parris preached for twenty weeks about having golden candlesticks on the altar until he got them. As the story progressed, he became greedy for his life and the life of his friends. When Proctor was about to be hanged, he begged and pleaded for Proctors life so that Parris would not be blamed for killing one of Salems upper class. I feel that Parris was not a good man to be the minister in such a town because he helped the whole witch hunt get going. He made sure that everyone knew about what was going on and got them to help dig up dirt on the accused. One final person whom I believe let her greed for attention and power control the outcome of that small town was Abigail Williams. She was the first person who was caught dancing in the woods to realize that if she turned on the others, her own life would be spared. She started making things up so that she would be in the center of the life in the town. She accused many innocent people of being witches for her own personal good. The best example of this would be when she accused Elizabeth Proctor of being a witch. Abigail and John Proctor had an affair and Abigail perceived this to mean that John wanted to be with her instead of his wife. Then, she realized that the only way to make this happen would be to kill Elizabeth in some way. The only legal way to do this would be to accuse Elizabeth of being a witch and making sure that she was convicted of this crime. Abigail knew that the punishment for the crime of witchcraft was hanging and carried out her accusation so that she and John could dance upon her grave together. I strongly feel that Abigails greed was the most destructive to the outcome of this story. She single-handedly destroyed most of the people of this towns reputations. If a person had something that she wanted, she accused them and got exactly what she wanted. At times, she used her acting talents to make it seem like she was being attacked by a certain persons spirit. While she was trying to convince Danforth and Hathorne that Elizabeth was a witch, she went as far as stabbing herself in the stomach to make it look like Elizabeth was sending out her spirit upon others. I believe that if Abigail had been stopped sooner, the innocent people who died would have lived and been able to look back on this terrible time to mourn the losses of their friends. Many peoples greed brought on these atrocities in Salem,

ECONOMICS FOR GLOBAL BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ECONOMICS FOR GLOBAL BUSINESS - Essay Example The general prognosis is that even though the Irish economy had in the recent past undergone a massive cratering, it has been on a slow but steady path towards sustained growth. The fact that it is ranked so highly in terms of economic freedom augurs well for the general condition of the Irish economy. That freedom, it is said, is based on a stable legal climate that has a deep tradition of respecting rights related to property, as well as a regulatory environment that is conducive to openness in business as well as in terms of supporting Ireland’s efforts to make its economy competitive in the global economic arena (The Heritage Foundation 2012). That general climate is characterized by several key strengths in key areas such as the rule of law, the role of government, efficiency in regulation, and openness of markets. The legal environment, for one is said to be robust and stable, with Ireland having the reputation of having one of the most stringent regimes for the protecti on of intellectual property rights, as well as in the securing and honoring of contracts. Moreover, the regard for law extends to a low level of corruption in the country, making the country a favorable destination for those wanting to deal with a clean and honest government. Meanwhile, as far as government is concerned, its recent levels of spending have been cited to reach a total of close to 50 percent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product or GDP, resulting in the ballooning of the country’s deficit. The level of public debt of the country, as a result also, has reached levels equal to about 90 percent of the country’s GDP. The government has come to impose a tax on all business activities amounting to about 28 percent of the GDP, with income taxes at 41 percent, corporate taxes at 12.5 percent, and consumption taxes making up a substantial portion of total tax revenues as well, in the form of VAT and taxes on capital gains. Meanwhile, the government is sai d to have done well keeping monetary policies relatively stable, while at the same time fixing macroeconomics so that costs of labor are reasonable, costs of business establishment are minimal, and red tape associated with the conduct of business likewise being considered minimal. In terms of market openness, meanwhile, the facts are that tariff rates for products entering Ireland have been considered lower in comparison to other EU states, even as barriers that are not related to tariff are substantial, and somewhat negate the lower tariff regime in the country. Investors are treated relatively with parity regardless of whether investors are local or foreign, in an environment where the Irish government seems to have done well to make the investment climate efficient. The recent past has seen the country cave in because of the financial crisis tied to the property bubble there and elsewhere, as the banking system in Ireland had been similarly overexposed alongside banks in the othe r EU states, but as of 2012 the banks have been noted to have achieved a certain level of capitalization

How WOMEN In Saudi Arabia effect the international market and Essay

How WOMEN In Saudi Arabia effect the international market and international business - Essay Example A woman’s starting salary to a man’s in a similar position is relatively low and the similar situation applies concerning promotions to prestigious positions (Freedman 9). International market research encompasses several barriers in different regions particularly in the Saudi Arabia where the concept of woman working is a cultural and religious taboo. However, the unfavorable conditions in the Middle East and the North African (MENA) states complicate that involvement of the women in business even further. Saudi Arabia particularly does not allow women and men to work together and the only place that happens is in the hospitals (Alhujelan 67). Education is paramount for any business interactions and cultural relations. Business customs involves how analysis of different cultures, which interrelates with international marketing. Age maturity is very important when dealing with foreign cultures and business opportunities. This is because international relationships always involve interactions with different persons of varying cultures. Most of these characteristics to deal with international relations mostly result from education, which may be formal or informal. A lot of tolerance, interpersonal skills, flexibly and good communications are paramount to international interactions. These aspects are mostly paramount in matters of management and international coordination. Long are times when women succumbed to pressure due to cultural pressures and religious believes but they are recently going through education. Therefore, women have an equal playing field in terms of job opportunities and capabilities. Equally, women in Sa udi Arabia are defying all odds and are engaging in education despite the labor law dictating that women can only work in field that suit their nature (Profanter, Cate, Maestri and Piacentini 33). The increasing number of women joining careers in the country confirms that things are

International Trade Essay Example for Free

International Trade Essay Relation between trade and world output International trade represents the exchange of goods/raw materials and also manufactured goods (and services) between countries. This situation occurs since a country has particular products or services that are much better than other countries in terms of quantity, price quality, or any other measurable factors. This idea further refers to a notion of competitive advantage. This condition encourages countries to trade their goods and services with other countries to take benefit from the countries that can produce goods more effective and efficient. In the past decades, the increase of international trade has driven the integration of the world economy. Moreover, within 1980 and 2002, the volume of world trade has raised relative to world output. This condition exists because the traded goods have become cheaper relative to those goods that are not traded. Furthermore, the condition occurs due to the influence of three factors characterize the increase in trade as following The decreasing costs of trade. In transportation, communication and search, currency exchange and tariffs are all factors that influence when trading goods internationally. Within the past 20 years, these costs are falling; suggesting that there would be an increase in the volume of trade. Second factor is the fact that tradable goods sector experience improved productivity growth. According to studies, it is found that productivity growth tends to be higher in the tradable goods sector than in the non-tradable goods sector. This situation will in turn increase the ratio of trade to output. The third factor is the increase of income per head. The increasing income will likely drive   consumers to shift their spending away from basic food and clothing products and into manufacturing goods, which offer more differentiation, diversification and international trade. Broad pattern of international trade Historically, trade has taken part since the existence of human being. While trade is not limited within countries, it develops into what we know as international trade or trade conducted among countries in the world. Paul Krugman and Maurice Obstfeld (1997) reveal that countries involved in an international trade based on two common reasons. First, they have goods that are different from others. Second, countries trade to achieve economies of scale in production. To understand the international trade, there is a theory called pattern of international trade as suggested by several scholars. In the Ricardian Model, for example, international trade exists when each country exports goods in which it has a comparative advantage and the existence of international trade is due to international differences in the productivity of labor. Second approach is from two Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin. Instead of solely determined by labor productivity as in Ricardian model, Heckscher-Ohlin theory emphasizes that comparative advantage is influenced by the interaction between nations’ resources (Krugman and Obstfeld, 1997). Relation between trade and world output The increasing oil price becomes critical and major problems of world economy. Its negative impacts seem to be the factors that haunt either industrialized countries or the developed ones. It is due to the negative impacts can lead severe international economic recession. People around the world would never forget such economic recession happened in 70’s. In the U.S. in order to reduce the dependence towards fossil fuel, they develop the alternative energy including the use of bio fuel. However, more than 90% of palm oil, raw material of bio fuel, is produced by Malaysia and Indonesia. If the two countries do not do trade with the U.S. for palm oil, the country may not offer bio fuel to their customers. Reference: Krugman, Paul R., and Maurice Obstfeld. (1997). International Economics: Theory and Policy. Addison-Wesley Dean, Mark and Maria Sebastia-Barriel. (2004). Why has world trade grown faster than world output? Retrieved January 21, 2008 from http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/qb/qb040304.pdf Wild, J. J., Wild, K. L., and Han, J. C. Y. (2006), International Business: The challenges of globalization (3rd ed.) (Chapters 4 – 6). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall.

Andrew C :: essays research papers

Andrew Carnegie was an intelligent Scottish immigrant that excelled in the steel and oil industries. He provided our country with inexpensive steel that allowed other industries to thrive. Carnegie was also a generous and well-known philanthropist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland November 25, 1835. His parents, William and Margaret Carnegie, were impoverished iron mill workers. They immigrated to the United States in search of employment and opportunities in 1848.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Andrew Carnegie obtained a variety of occupations since his first arrival to America. His first job, at age thirteen, was a bobbin boy in a local cotton mill. At fifteen, Carnegie delivered telegrams for the Western Union. This job paid twenty-five dollars a month, which was considered a phenomenal amount of money at this time. At age 17, Carnegie had a job with the Pennsylvania Railroad. This job involved sending and receiving telegrams to benefit each train’s safety; he was now earning thirty-five dollars a month.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1850’s the major form of transportation used was the railroad. People would take the train for traveling to different areas around the country. Unfortunately, the ride to these distant destinations was quite uncomfortable. The passengers’ complaints increased. Theodore Woodruff developed sleeping cars that introduced passengers to more comfortable rides. Through the persuasion of his boss, Carnegie bought a share in this particular company while working for the Pennsylvania Railroad. Carnegie’s boss urged him to purchase one-eighth share in this company. The share’s money supply sharply increased due to the excessive amount of railroad companies that wished to please their passengers. From the success of his stock with the sleeping car company, Carnegie was able to place his money in other lucrative opportunities. At the age of twenty-four, Carnegie was soon aware of the oil being utilized by the Seneca Indians in Titsuville, Pennsylvania. Realizing his opportunity, Carnegie decided to buy land in a near by area. The oil on the land provided Carnegie and his brother with an ample supply of money. The land itself had increased in value by 125%. In 1870, Carnegie changed his job to become an iron master. Carnegie transposed the old iron making procedure with his new routine. He assiduously combined three ingredients – iron ore, coke, and limestone – to produce an essential product.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Iron manufacturers discovered that certain ores shouldn’t be combined with each other. By hiring a chemist, Carnegie’s ores were assorted into their specific group. Carnegie was then the first iron mill owner to have a chemist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carnegie assisted many companies with the makings of bridges, locomotives, and other products that relied on iron.

Global warming and immigration Essay

Climate change is the long term alteration of global weather patterns particularly temperature and storm activity which occur as a result of the greenhouse effect. With scholars predicting deterioration in global environmental conditions in the 21st century, we must focus our attention on the implications this situation will have particularly to human population and settlement. The resulting displacement has led to a rise in â€Å"environmental refugees† as more communities leave their homes in search of alternative sources of livelihood. (Ketel, 2004, p. 2) Immigration due to Global warming A study by the United Nations reveals that human migration caused by global warming is expected to surpass all previous displacements. The effects of flooding, desertification and environmental pollution are partly or wholly credited to global warming (Ketel, 2004, p. 15). In countries such as Zimbabwe and Bangladesh which experience perennial flooding, community based and non-governmental organizations are collaborating with the local communities to raise awareness on disaster preparedness and disaster management practices. The Zimbabwe Case study Most of north and eastern Zimbabwe has been demarcated as flood prone areas, particularly the districts of Mzarabani and Guruve located within the low lying Zambezi basin. Initially, these areas were sparsely populated due to adverse environmental conditions that rendered them uninhabitable. However after realizing that the area had a high economic potential, the government opened it up for agricultural exploitation and settlement a condition that has exposed its inhabitants to floods and mudslides. Successful undertakings Since 2008, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) has participated in relief efforts to provide assistance to families in these areas such as providing blankets, tarpaulins, mosquito nets and water purifying tablets as well as coordinating information on the number of displaced people and where they have been resettled. Community based projects have been initiated aimed at empowering the local community with the skills to withstand flooding thereby mitigating its effects. Structural measures were aimed at constructing dams and channels to control run-off during the rainy season while non-structural measures focused on resettlement, forecasting and setting aside areas to settle the displaced. (Madamombe, 2005, p. 18) In early 2007, such efforts bore fruit as hundreds of families were safely evacuated into Arda Estates of Mzarabani District following devastating floods that swept away over 600 homesteads in Chadereka Village. The displaced families were then allocated small plots within the Estates for subsistence farming while the remainder had to rely on handouts from NGOs such as Catholic Development Commission (CADEC) and IOM. Assistance required in undertaking program These projects required some level of assistance in the form of multi-sectoral meetings on flood management, funding, campaigns and governmental legislation on disaster management. The Zimbabwe government introduced the Civil Protection Act, the Water Act (1998) and the Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Management Act each aimed at addressing an action plan of action for disaster management/mitigation. Zimbabwe is also a member of the Zambezi Action Program (ZACPRO), an initiative which aims to integrate all countries lying within the Zambezi basin to utilize it as a shared resource. However, each country follows its own policy on managing its portion of the Zambezi basin. (Madamombe, 2004, p. 3) Shortcomings The Zimbabwe government faced a variety of hurdles in its resettlement efforts; inadequate funding, disease, resistance from local families and logistical barriers. The government’s expenditure on disaster management is quite minimal and hence in a major catastrophe, private sector and international community would have to be approached for assistance. (Madamombe, 2005, p. 20) Since resettlement is a recurrent process, most displaced families returned to their homes preferring to risk another flood than surrender their dignity and independence by living in resettlement camps. Conflicts due to poor vetting of displaced persons led to undeserving cases receiving handouts while the genuine cases remained in despair and uncertainty. Greater effort is therefore required in undertaking civic education to curtail the humanitarian situation from spiraling out of control. References Ketel, H. (2004). Global Warming and Human Migration: Climate Change, Human Systems and Policy. Oxford, UK: Eolss Publishers. Madamombe, E. (2004) Zimbabwe: Flood Management Practices – Selected Flood prone areas Zambezi Basin. Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization/Global Water Partnership. Madamombe, E. (2005). Associated Programme on Flood Management: Overview Situation Paper on Flood Management Practices. Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization/Global Water Partnership.